Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common vestibular disorder characterized by brief episodes of vertigo triggered by specific head movements. The condition is typically caused by problems in the inner ear, particularly the displacement of tiny calcium crystals called otoliths within the semicircular canals. The main causes and triggers of BPPV include:
1. Inner Ear Degeneration
Aging or degenerative changes within the inner ear can make the otoliths more susceptible to displacement, increasing the risk of BPPV.
2. Head Trauma
A head injury or trauma, such as a blow to the head, can dislodge the otoliths from their normal position and cause BPPV.
3. Viral Infections
Certain viral infections affecting the inner ear, such as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, can damage the vestibular system and lead to BPPV.
4. Vestibular Disorders
Individuals with pre-existing vestibular disorders, such as Meniere’s disease or vestibular migraine, may be more prone to developing BPPV.
5. Prolonged Bed Rest or Immobility
Extended periods of bed rest or immobilization can disrupt the normal movement of otoliths within the semicircular canals, potentially triggering BPPV.
6. Ear Surgery or Procedures
Some ear surgeries or procedures, such as those performed to correct other ear conditions, can inadvertently dislodge otoliths and result in BPPV.
7. Hereditary Factors
In rare cases, BPPV may have a hereditary component, meaning it can run in families.
It’s important to note that in many cases, the exact cause of BPPV is unknown or idiopathic. However, the displacement of otoliths within the inner ear is considered the primary underlying mechanism responsible for the development of BPPV.